Abstract
Though modernity is relatively new, international relations are as old as civilization. Humans have existed for several hundred thousand years, but until the last 7,000 years they wandered the earth in small groups hunting, gathering edible plants, and attempting to survive threats from other humans, beasts, and vile weather.1
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Notes
Aubrey Cannon, Structured Worlds: The Archeology of Hunter-Gatherer Thought and Action (New York: Equinox, 2010).
Robert Bettinger, Hunter-Gatherers: Archeological and Evolutionary Theory (New York: Springer, 1991).
Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Groups to Agrarian States (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987).
Bruce Trigger, Understanding Early Civilizations (New York: Cambridge, 2007).
Charles Maisel, Early Civilizations of the Old World (London: Routledge, 2001).
Leslie White, The Evolution of Cultures: The Development of Civilizations to the Fall of Rome (New York: Left Coast Press, 2007).
Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1935).
Will Durant, The Life of Greece (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1939).
For excellent analyses of how societies and states develop and why some become more powerful than others, see Allen Johnson and Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Power (New York: Random House, 1987).
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005).
Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Some Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2004).
David Landes, The Wealth and Power of Nations: Why Some Are so Rich and Some so Poor (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999).
For an excellent analysis of the premodern features of nonwest-ern states, see Janet Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). For a good overview of the past five centuries, see Christopher Chase-Dunn and E.N. Anderson, eds., The Historical Evolution of World Systems (London: Palgrave, 2005).
For a good overview of the past five centuries, see Christopher Chase-Dunn and E.N. Anderson, eds., The Historical Evolution of World Systems (London: Palgrave, 2005).
Conrad Shirokauer and Amanda Brown, A Brief History of Chinese Civilization (Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth, 2006).
Albert Craig, The Heritage of Chinese Civilization (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2010).
Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2007).
Suraiya Faroghi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006).
Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (New York: Harper, 1979).
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© 2010 William R. Nester
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Nester, W.R. (2010). The Rise and Fall of Civilizations. In: Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117389_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117389_3
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